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European route E6

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E6 shield
E6
Major junctions
North endKirkenes, Norway
South endTrelleborg, Sweden
Location
Countries Norway
 Sweden
Highway system

European route E6 (Norwegian: Europavei 6, Swedish: Europaväg 6, or simply E6) is the main north–south thoroughfare through Norway as well as the west coast of Sweden. It is 3,056 km (1,899 mi) long and runs from the southern tip of Sweden at Trelleborg, into Norway and through almost all of the country north to the Arctic Circle and Nordkapp.[1] The route ends in Kirkenes close to the Russian border.

Route

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The Svinesund Bridge crosses the border between Norway and Sweden
The West Coast Motorway E6/E20 in Gothenburg, coming from Malmö. At the junction Olskroksmotet, from where the E20 continues east towards Stockholm and E6 continues north towards Oslo.

From south to north, the E6 runs through Trelleborg, Malmö, Helsingborg, Halmstad, Gothenburg, Svinesund in Sweden, before crossing the border at the Svinesund Bridge into Norway. It then passes Halden, Sarpsborg, Moss, Vestby to the capital Oslo. North of this, it passes by Gardermoen, Hamar, Lillehammer, Dombås, Oppdal, Melhus to Trondheim.

Beyond Trondheim, the E6 meets Stjørdalshalsen, Verdalsøra, Steinkjer, Grong, Mosjøen, Mo i Rana, then over the Saltfjellet mountains. It then passes through Rognan, Fauske, and Hamarøy towards Bognes, where there is a ferry crossing over the Tysfjorden to Skarberget. It then runs through on via Narvik, Setermoen, Nordkjosbotn, Skibotn, and Alta to Olderfjord, where European route E69 continues north towards Nordkapp. The E6, meanwhile, turns south towards Lakselv and Karasjok, then runs on the west bank of the Anarjohka, which forms the border with Finland. Beyond the border, it passes through Varangerbotn, and Kirkenes, where the road terminates just east of the town centre.

Between Trelleborg and Kirkenes, there is a more than 800 km (500 mi) shorter route using E4 and E75, among the longest detours any European route has. In Finnmark there are several shorter alternative routes to the E6. Moreover, on the stretch from Oslo to Trondheim, following E6 strictly is a 40-kilometre (25 mi) detour compared to using Norwegian National Road 3 or Norwegian National Road 4 for their applicable portions of the trip.

Features

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The E6 south of Narvik

The road is a 2+2 lane motorway from outside Trelleborg to Moelv, about 740 kilometres (460 mi). The last Swedish part of the E6 motorway through Bohuslän was completed in 2015.[2] [3] This motorway is also connected to Central Europe by uninterrupted motorway (via E20). Some stretches further north also have four lanes or motorway standards. The rest of the road is usually 6–10-metre (20–33 ft) wide ordinary road. Some parts in the north of Norway are less than 6 m (20 ft) wide, making it very tight when heavy vehicles meet. The northern half of the road, north of Trondheim, is also often fairly curvy, making high speeds a possible safety hazard.

E6 passes over treeless mountain passes in a few places in Norway. In the winter, bad weather and snow storms can cause the road to be temporarily closed, though, unlike many minor roads, it is kept open wherever practical.[4] Because the road is the main artery through the country, cyclists and leisure travellers avoid the southern sections owing to the excessive traffic. In the north, traffic used to be sparse in 2009, [5] but traffic numbers on E6 may have increased since the number of mobile homes in Europe has doubled, or because road trips and van life are being largely promoted on social media.

Electronic road tolls in Norway

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Electronic tolling station inside Oslo. Congestion charging may be applied.

Travellers driving from Svinesund, at the border between Norway and Sweden, to the other end of E6 in Kirkenes, will pass around 32 electronic toll stations on the Norwegian stretch of E6 between Svinesund and Bjerkvik. [6] Without prior registration, the cost of a straight trip from Svinesund to Kirkenes, with a petrol or diesel car weighing less than 3500 kilos, remaining only on E6, was NOK 1072 (about €90,45) with rush hour fares included, by the end of October 2024. The last electronic toll station would be Hålogaland Bridge, between Narvik and Bjerkvik. The number of tolls to pass and pay for will however increase as soon as one drives off the E6, into cities with toll rings, either for sleeping in a hotel or for sightseeing. The number of toll stations one encounters on E6 can decrease when road projects have been paid for and toll stations are abandoned. The number of toll stations can also go up in the future if new roads need to be financed. As of October 2024, there are no electronic road tolls on E6 in Finnmark.

Reinforshei on Saltfjellet in 2007. In 2024 it costs 18 Kroner [7] to drive a car without toll badge on this stretch of E6, far from any motorway

The Norwegian system of electronic tolls is based on the assumption that every road user has a credit card and a smartphone to register their vehicle at www.Autopass.no, a website owned by the Norwegian national road administration. There is no place or way to pay for your tolls with cash money.[8] If the tolls aren't paid by registering the vehicle online, a bill with a higher price will be sent to the vehicle owner's address. It is also not possible to evade toll sections by taking smaller parallel roads. Quite a lot of foreign visitors to Norway do not understand how roads that are not motorways can even be toll roads.[9] Others are complaining that the Norwegian road toll system works like a trap, because the amount of road toll in cities like Oslo and Trondheim tends to depend on multiple factors, like time of travelling and emission category of the vehicle, making it impossible to predict the exact price of a road trip from the Swedish border at Svinesund till Nordkapp (North Cape). Most toll calculation apps, tools, or websites will not allow you to set out a road trip that keeps you driving on E6 all along the way.

Invoice for electronic road tolling from 2011.

Electric cars have large discounts on tolls, but it can be fairly hard to obtain this discount with a foreign electric car. Scammers have been reported to jump on the bandwagon, by sending fake toll bills, to obtain credit card information.[10] Increasing road tolls were also the reason for a large protest in several cities in Norway in 2018 and 2019.[11] Norwegian authorities refuse to comment on the number of fines for unpaid tolls that they cannot collect. Public broadcaster NRK investigated and has written a long news article, in which they estimate that Norway has missed out on about 90 million Kroner (about 7,58 million Euros) between May 2021 and December 2023, because tourists have not paid their electronic road tolls. [12] Norway cannot force drivers with foreign registered cars to pay, as long as Liechtenstein has not ratified EETS (European Electronic Toll Service), a European regulation on tolls. NRK spoke with angry locals who were contemplating on closing roads popular with tourists. NRK also spoke with Germans who had not registered their camper van, because they were told that they would get a letter with a payment request sent home into their mailbox. Norway was trying to strike deals on enforcing payment of road tolls with individual countries, to compensate for the missing EETS regulation.

History and future plans

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This road was called E6 in the old "E" road system before 1975 and previously it continued to Rome (introduced in Sweden in 1962 and Norway in 1965). However, before 1969 E6 went only to Stjørdal near Trondheim and 1969 – 1983 to Nordkjosbotn near Tromsø. The road was considered in too bad condition to be E-routes further north until it got upgraded. Parts were gravel roads. The non-E-route sections were called National Route 6 from 1965.

Nordlandsporten at Namsskogan, built in 1991, to welcome travellers on E6 in northern Norway.

The northern part of E6 was first opened in 1924, when the Innlandsvegen (Inland road, in English) between Grong and Mosjøen was opened to traffic. An engineer responsible for building the Innlandsvegen wrote in his daily report of 3 February 1916 that he expected little traffic on the new road. A news report published by NRK shows that the opening ceremony picture, taken on the 6th of August 1924, was recreated 100 years later, after the opening of two new sections of road, between Fjerdingen and Grøndalselv and between the Trøndelag district border and the lake Lille Majavatn, with a similar picture taken on the 18th of October 2024. [13] The speed limit on these 2 new straightened parts of E6 has been raised from 80 to 90 kilometres per hour (56 miles per hour). E6 was numbered RV50 between Oslo and Kirkenes in 1931, to tie the north and south of Norway more closely together, even though many road sections were still missing links. In 1991 a gate was built at the county border at Namsskogan, Nordlandsporten, to welcome travellers on E6 into northern Norway. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Statens Vegvesen, started the Helgelands project in 2009, a project to modernise E6 and make the road wider and safer between the county border and Saltfjellet. This project is expected to be ready by the end of 2025.

The E6 road was given the number E47 (but not signposted) in the new system on most of the Scandinavian part (Helsingborg–Olderfjord), and E6 only for the northernmost 460 km (290 mi) (from Olderfjord in Finnmark). After a political negotiation, the whole part passing through Scandinavia was given the number E6 in the new system, introduced in Scandinavia in 1992. The part Trelleborg-Helsingborg was never intended to be part of E47. E47 connects to E4 at the Helsingør-Helsingborg ferry, and E4 and E6 connect just outside Helsingborg.

The E6 became a 4-lane motorway all the way from Trelleborg to Kolomoen (near Hamar) in 2015,[2] although the road is sometimes wider. The new Svinesund Bridge opened in 2005, replacing an earlier and narrower bridge from 1946.[14] The oldest 4-lane motorway along E6 is Gothenburg-Kungälv from 1958, meaning the motorway construction through Sweden took 57 years.

Between 2012 and 2018, the road was shortened by 39 kilometres (24 mi) between Narvik and Alta, by building the Hålogaland Bridge and more bridges and tunnels.

The 60-kilometre (37 mi) road between Moelv and Øyer is under conversion to a 4-lane motorway, partly set to be finished around 2025,[15] partly (including a new Mjøsa Bridge) postponed to a later year, around or after 2030.

In Trøndelag, several sections north and south of Trondheim are under construction or planned as motorways. This project is planned to be 106 kilometres (66 mi) long and it will go from the junction with Norwegian National Road 3 at Ulsberg in the south to Åsen north of Trondheim Airport, Værnes, set to be finished in 2027/2028. It will be financed by the state-owned company Nye Veier.[16]

Interruption due to snowstorms, landslides and floodings

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Apart from being the most important road between Oslo and Göteborg, E6 is functioning like Norway's backbone, but this road is rather vulnerable to snow storms, rockfalls, landslides, flooding, bridge failures and even train wrecks on the parallel railroad. Whenever E6 is closed (stengt in Norwegian) due to any such aforementioned incident, Norwegian journalists often write that Norway is cut into two pieces (Norge er delt i to), as E6 is the only continuous road in many isolated areas in Norway; Detours around incidents in the north of Norway are often hundreds of kilometres longer than driving on E6 would be.

Interruption due to snow storms

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Some mountain passes along E6 in Norway are frequently closed due to snow storms in winter. These passes are:

  • E6 over Saltfjellet in Nordland was closed 76 times in the winter of 2019–2020, while the average is 32 times per winter. There are no good alternative routes around this mountain road. One possibility is the coastal road with two ferries, another possibility is through Sweden (250 km longer), both the ferry and the Swedish road might be closed in storms.[17]
  • Sennalandet in Finnmark was closed 48 times in the 2019–2020 season, the record is in the 2016–2017 season, when Sennalandet had 55 closures.[18]
  • Kvænangsfjellet in Troms was closed 77 times in the winter of 2019–2020.[18] It has been closed on average 32 times per winter due to storms. A tunnel was built under the worst part of the pass in 2024, so now this route is much more reliable.
  • Dovrefjell in south Norway has the highest point along E6, 1026 metres, but it is not often closed.

Quick clay landslide at Finneidfjord

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On the night from 19 to 20 June 1996, around 0h30, a large quick clay landslide took place in Finneidfjord. Two residential houses and 300 metres of E6 road disappeared into the sea. [19] NRK came back to Finneidfjord 20 years later, interviewed people who were involved in the landslide and wrote an article to commemorate the disaster. One man, who lost his house in 1996, called the landslide an open wound, still soaring in 2016, as nobody was held responsible for the landslide. It remains unknown if blasting explosions for the building of a new tunnel in E6 have played a role in this landslide. Quick clay can be found in many places in Norway. Quick clay is normally solid but can become fluid and form landslides when under pressure or otherwise disturbed. After E6 was gone, traffic had to be diverted through Sweden, using European route E12.

Småröd landslide

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Main article on Wikipedia: Vägraset vid Småröd in Swedish

On 20 December 2006, a large landslide occurred in Småröd, just south of Munkedal, in Bohuslän, in Sweden, in connection with the construction of a motorway at the site which also affected the old road. About 15 cars [20] and a truck were involved, but no one was seriously injured. There were no good alternative routes past the site, so only narrow roads, different per direction, with long detours, were signposted as alternatives. A small road via Skredsvik, not mentioned in recommendations, was used by most local residents and also bus traffic. The Bohusbanan railway was also destroyed in the landslide. The road was reopened on 15 February 2007 [21] and rebuilding of the railway line was finished on 24 February 2007. [22] The Swedish Accident Investigation Authority wrote in it's final report that this landslide was caused by a combination of underestimating the risks of unknown quick clay layers underground and piling up too much earth and sand, without evaluating the bearing force of the underlying earth layers. [23]

Badderen bridge washed away

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On 31 May 2022, a fairly short river bridge near Badderen was on the brink of collapse due to an unstable support column that was about to be washed away, as a result of erosion. Traffic on E6 between Tromsø and Alta had to make a 163-kilometre (101 mi) longer journey to reach their destination. [24] Inhabitants of Badderen were confronted with a 688-kilometre (428 mi) detour, through Finland and Sweden, if they wished to drive their car from one river bank to the other side of the river. [25] After traffic had been interrupted for more than a week, a temporary bridge was installed over the damaged bridge and E6 was reopened for traffic on 8 June 2022. [26] [27][28]

A final report about the causes of the collapse of Badderen bridge was published in December 2022. Stetens Vegvesen admitted that they could have done better in inspecting bridges with support columns in the middle of the river for erosion. [29] On 30 January 2023, Statens Vegvesen announced that they would set up another temporary bridge a little upstream, where the old E6 once used to be, [30] so the damaged bridge could be dismantled, before melting snow would cause new high water levels in the river. [31] A design for the new Badderen bridge was published for public hearings in September 2024. [32] It is expected that a new permanent bridge over Badderelva (elva means river) will not open before 2025.

Quick clay landslide at Stenungsund junction

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Main article: 2023 Stenungsund landslide

On 23 September 2023, a large landslide destroyed a section of about 700 metres (2,300 ft) of the highway, near Stenungsund, north of Gothenburg.[33] The landslide also destroyed a local road, a fuel station, a fast food restaurant and a hardware store. Parked trucks got trapped in crevasses around the fuel station.[34] The pre-1990 E6 through Ucklum was used while the motorway was closed. Shortly before King Carl XVI Gustaf arrived to cut the ribbon, on 3 July 2024, and declare the route reopened, a truckload of rotting salmon was cleared away from the site of the landslide.[35] E6 motorway was finally reopened to traffic on 5 July 2024, several months ahead of the previous schedule, that was aiming for December 2024. [36]

Train wreck on E6 near Finneidfjord

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Main article: Nordland_Line § Accidents

On 24 October 2024, around 14h15 (2h15 PM) [37] a train on the Nordlandsbanen railway line crashed into a rock that had fallen on the tracks. [38] [39] The train derailed, sliding down an embankment, towards the road below, which is the E6. Train driver Rolf Henry Ankersen was killed in this accident. [40] Four passengers had to go to hospital. The rest of just under 50 passengers escaped with minor bruises and were evacuated by bus. The locomotive's front end, some trees and smaller rocks ended up on the northbound lane of the E6, between Bjerka and Finneidfjord. Police have closed both Nordland Line and E6 until further notice, [41] to investigate the cause of the accident, evaluate risks of further rockslides and create free space to salvage the derailed train cars. There were also some fears that the locomotive and one or more train cars could slide further down the embankment, so it was deemed unsafe to reopen the E6.

Once again, Norway's main road is closed and Norway is cut in two. One detour, using FV17, involves a ferry ship crossing between Levang and Nesna, [42] where waiting times are very long, as the ferry ship does not have enough capacity to absorb the volume of traffic that would normally drive on E6. [43] The other option for a detour runs along FV73 in Norway and through Sweden, following AC1116 and European route E12. Both detours cost lots of extra fuel and driving time. A local couple started to use their fishing boat to transport people from the village over the fjord, past the train wreck. [44] Eventually the local council took over this ferry service. Bane NOR announced on Sunday 27 October 2024 that they had to interrupt their attempts to clear the train wreck because the mountain slope was still moving. [45] An earlier announcement about reopening E6 turned out to be too optimistic,[46] when Statens Vegvesen announced on 28 October 2024 that E6 would remain closed until at least Friday, 1 November 2024. [47]

Bad weather, which triggered red alerts south of Trondheim, [48] has aggravated the landslide risk [49] and delayed the removal of the crashed locomotive at Finneidfjord. An orange alert was issued locally, with a warning not to travel if not necessary. During this episode of bad weather both detours failed on 29 October 2024, [50] when the ferry service between Nesna and Levang was interrupted for several hours and the detour through Sweden [51] was temporarily blocked by a truck that needed to be salvaged. E12 got covered in deep snow [52] and long traffic jams started to form at the Swedish-Norwegian border. The E12 detour road was closed again on Thursday the 31st of October 2024, [53] after a car with 3 Norwegians crashed into the back of a stopped truck, on Blå Vägen (E12), between Bredviken and Kåtaviken, in Sweden. One of them died in hospital a few days later, as a result of his injuries. [54] When the ferry between Nesna and Levang resumed it's service, they were sailing with only 1 ship, since the second ferry ship had technical issues. [55] All that BaneNOR had managed to do by Wednesday, 30 October 2024 was clearing the fallen rock from the train track and towing three train cars, that had not gone down the embankment, back to Bjerka railway station. Postal service Posten announced on Wednesday 30 October 2024 that letters and packages were delayed, due to many closed railways and roads. [56]

After a new evaluation of the situation on Thursday 31 October 2024, BaneNOR announced that the large cranes necessary to lift the locomotive away from the crash site had not yet been set up, because the moving mountain slope had to be secured first. Statens Vegvesen is hoping to reopen E6 by Monday 4 November 2024. [57] BaneNOR stated in their updated press announcement [58] that safe working conditions for their salvage crew is their first priority and they actually cannot promise any day for reopening Nordlandsbanen and E6. It was not possible to replace trains with busses, in order to offer an alternative to passengers on the Nordland train line, because busses would have to use same E6 that remained closed at Finneidfjord. Statens Vegvesen was strongly urging all car and truck traffic to take the detour through Sweden, until Friday 1st of November 2024. [59] Customs authorities have set up temporary exceptions of customs rules for truck traffic making a Norway-Sweden-Norway transit.

On Friday 1 November 2024, Statens Vegvesen announced that E6 between Bjerka and Finneidfjord would be temporarily opened for guided traffic from Friday afternoon 15h (3h PM) until Sunday morning 7h. [60] BaneNOR announced in their updated press release that the securing of the mountain slope was finished, so allowing traffic to drive past the crash site on E6 under guidance should be safe, but the wind was picking up, making it unsafe to operate large cranes, so the lifting of the crashed locomotive would not start before Sunday 3 November at 7h in the morning, when E6 was closed again. BaneNOR then used Sunday to prepare the cranes needed for lifting the crashed locomotive, but in yet another change of plan, Statens Vegvesen announced that E6 would again be temporarily opened for guided traffic from Sunday evening the 3rd of November 2024 21h (9h PM), until Tuesday morning, the 5th of November 2024, 7h. [61] Statens Vegvesen has decided to keep E6 open, because traffic conditions on the detour road through Sweden were so bad, that taking the detour through Sweden is no longer recommended. BaneNOR rewrote their earlier press statement once again [62] and announced that the lifting of the crashed locomotive was postponed till Tuesday, because changing weather conditions made it unsafe to start the lifting operation on Sunday evening. BaneNOR expected that E6 could be reopened no earlier than on Thursday the 7th of November 2024 in the evening, hoping the salvaging of the remaining parts of the crashed train would be finished by then. By 17h49 on Sunday the 3rd of November 2024 BaneNOR announced that weather conditions had allowed them to lift one of the two train cars from the embankment above the E6, which took about 30 minutes. The second train car was lifted away on Monday and the locomotive was salvaged on Tuesday. With the train wreck gone, E6 will now be reopened on Wednesday morning, 6th of November 2024, [63] but BaneNOR announced in their last update of their press release that they expect to be doing repair works until the end of week 46. E6 can be temporarily closed for up till half an hour, whenever repair works on the railway might cause risk of rockfall.

References

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  47. ^ Ustabilt fjell på oversiden av toglinjen: E6 Hemnes åpner tidligst fredag Unstable mountain slope hanging over train line: E6 will open on Friday at earliest, Statens Vegvesen, published 28th of October 2024, in Norwegian, retrieved 28th of October 2024
  48. ^ Ekstremværet Jakob - Flom- og jordskredfare på oransje og rødt nivå Varsom, first published on the 29th of October 2024 in Norwegian, (but replaced by later updates), retrieved 30th of October 2024
  49. ^ Oppdaget 30 meter langt ras på vei til jobb: - Så plutselig bare et hull foran meg NRK, published 30th of October 2024, in Norwegian, retrieved 31st of October 2024
  50. ^ Trafikkaos i Nord-Norge grunnet uvær published 29th of October 2024, in Norwegian, retrieved 31st of October 2024
  51. ^ Svår tågolycka i Norge skapar problem på vägar i Västerbotten Heavy train accident in Norway is causing problems in Västerbotten, SVT, in Swedish, published 31st of October 2024, retrieved 3rd of November 2024
  52. ^ Snö och halka orsakade långa lastbilsköer mellan Tärnaby och Norska gränsen Snow and skidding caused long truck traffic jams between Tärnaby and Norwegian border, SVT, in Swedish, published 30th of October 2024, retrieved 3rd of November 2024
  53. ^ En till sjukhus efter kollision med lastbil på E12 - vägen stängdes i timmar One to hospital after collision with truck on E12 - Road was closed for hours, SVT, in Swedish published 31st of October 2024, retrieved 4th of November 2024
  54. ^ Man död efter lastbilskrocken på E12 Man dead after truck accident on E12, Sveriges Radio, P4 Västerbotten, in Swedish, published 3rd of November 2024, retrieved 4th of November 2024
  55. ^ Fergesambandet Nesna-Levang har tekniske utfordringer (...) Reisnordland, first seen on 30th of October 2024, retrieved again on 31st of October 2024
  56. ^ Nordlandsbanen blir stengt ut uken... ...og Posten forsinket VG, published on the 30th of October 2024, in Norwegian, retrieved on 31st of October 2024
  57. ^ E6 i Hemnes åpner over helgen - kjør via Sverige E6 in Hemnes area will open after weekend - Drive through Sweden, Statens Vegvesen, published 30th of October 2024, in Norwegian, retrieved 31st of October 2024
  58. ^ Oppdatering om Nordlandsbanen mandag Bane NOR, published 25th of October 2024 in Norwegian, last updated and retrieved 31st of October 2024
  59. ^ Traffic information Statens Vegvesen, published in Norwegian, (with continuous updates, first) retrieved 30th of October 2024
  60. ^ E6 i Hemnes holdes åpen fram til søndag morgen Statens Vegvesen, published 1st of November 2024, in Norwegian, retrieved 2nd of November 2024
  61. ^ E6 åpner søndag kveld og er åpen frem til tirsdag morgen Published 3rd of November 2024 in Norwegian, retrieved 3rd of November 2024
  62. ^ Oppdatering om Nordlandsbanen mandag Bane NOR, first published 25th of October 2024 in Norwegian, last updated and retrieved 3rd of November 2024 Archived version: [11]
  63. ^ E6 i Hemnes åpnes onsdag morgen NTB kommunikasjon, on behalf of Statens Vegvesen, published 5th of November 2024, in Norwegian, retrieved 6th of November 2024
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