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Sembawang Air Base

Coordinates: 01°25′31″N 103°48′46″E / 1.42528°N 103.81278°E / 1.42528; 103.81278
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Sembawang Air Base
Pangkalan Udara Sembawang
三巴旺空軍基地
செம்பவாங் வான்படைத் தளம்
Sembawang in Singapore
A Eurocopter AS532M1 Cougar, c/n 2368 of 126 Squadron based at Sembawang, Singapore
Badge of the Sembawang Air Base
Sembawang Air Base is located in Singapore
Sembawang Air Base
Sembawang Air Base
Shown within Singapore
Coordinates01°25′31″N 103°48′46″E / 1.42528°N 103.81278°E / 1.42528; 103.81278
TypeMilitary airbase
Site information
OwnerGovernment of Singapore
OperatorRepublic of Singapore Air Force
ConditionOperational
Site history
Built1937 (1937)–1938
In use1939 – present
Garrison information
OccupantsFlying units:
Airfield information
IdentifiersICAO: WSAG
Elevation26 metres (85 ft) AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
04/22 1,907 metres (6,257 ft) Asphalt
05/23 1,036 metres (3,399 ft) Asphalt
Source: Metar & Taf[1]

The Sembawang Air Base (ICAO: WSAG) is a military airbase of the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) located at Sembawang, in the northern part of Singapore. The base motto is Swift and Resolute.

Before Singapore's independence from the United Kingdom, it was a Royal Air Force station known as RAF Sembawang as well as the Royal Navy airbase, known as Royal Naval Air Station Sembawang (or RNAS Sembawang), commissioned as HMS Simbang, to the carrier pilots of the Fleet Air Arm (attached to the Eastern Fleet based in Singapore). The pilots used it for rest and refit whenever an aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy berthed at the nearby HMNB Singapore for refuel and repairs, which also housed the largest Royal Navy dockyard east of Suez up to the time of UK forces' withdrawal from Singapore.

After the Japanese capture of Singapore during World War II, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service took over the two RAF stations of Sembawang and Seletar. Singapore was split into north–south spheres of control, and the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force took over RAF Tengah. It was not until September 1945 that the two airfields reverted to British control following the Japanese surrender.

RAF Sembawang was a key part of Britain's continued military presence in the Far East (along with the three other RAF bases in Singapore: RAF Changi, RAF Seletar, RAF Tengah) during the critical period of the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), the Brunei Revolt in 1962 and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1962–1966).

History

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Beginnings (1934-1940)

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In the years 1934 and 1935, a section of the Bukit Sembawang Rubber Estate located on Singapore Island was acquired by the Air Ministry for the purpose of establishing a grass airfield intended for the Royal Air Force. The necessary approval for this construction was granted in 1936, leading to the commencement of work by British Army engineers in the subsequent year. The airfield was originally designed to accommodate two RAF bomber squadrons, however, it was later reassigned to the Admiralty. Plans were then made to convert the site into an airbase and aircraft repair yard, aimed at supporting a proposed Eastern Fleet that would include up to four Royal Navy fleet carriers. By May 1940, the airfield was nearly operational and was once again transferred, this time to the Royal Australian Air Force.[2]

RAAF Station Sembawang (1940-1941)

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Brewster Buffalo Mk I for the re-equipment of Nos. 21 and 453 Squadrons RAAF, being inspected by RAF personnel at Sembawang airfield, Singapore

July and August of 1940, saw the Royal Australian Air Force's Nos. 1 and No. 8 Squadrons stationed here with twelve Lockheed Hudson light bomber aircraft each, but with No. 8 squadron departing in November. In early 1941, No. 21 Squadron RAAF relocated from RAF Seletar, Singapore, to re-equip with Brewster Buffalo fighter aircraft, briefly conducting operations from RAAF Station Sembawang before being sent to Malaya. Additionally, No. 453 Squadron RAAF, which also utilised Buffalo fighter aircraft, arrived in August 1941 and remained operational at this location until their deployment to Malaya in mid-December 1941.[2]

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (1942-1945)

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Main articles: Battle of Singapore and Japanese occupation of Singapore

On 8 December 1941, the Japanese military launched an invasion of Malaya. Subsequently, Singapore surrendered to the Japanese forces on 15 February 1942.[2]

HMS Nabrock (1945)

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HMS Nabrock was a Royal Navy (RN), Mobile Operational Naval Air Base (MONAB) at the naval air station at Sembawang. HMS Nabrock was also known as MONAB IX and Royal Naval Air Station Sembawang (or RNAS Sembawang).

The initial contingent of MONAB IX officially commissioned Royal Naval Air Station Sembawang as HMS Nabrock on 5 October 1945. To ensure the provision of essential equipment and infrastructure for the operation of the station, MONAB IX was designated to establish its presence and commence naval aviation and support facilities in the area.[3]

Upon the arrival of the advance party tasked with assuming control of the airfield and facilitating its preparation for reopening, they discovered the station was intricately interwoven with a network of tunnels and foxholes, exhibiting a significant degree of disarray. Approximately ninety Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighter aircraft were stationed at the airfield, accompanied by around seven-hundred Japanese personnel. The Japanese had been engaged in efforts to construct a runway, employing prisoners of war in the process. A number of steamrollers were found abandoned on what subsequently became known as the "Jap runway". Efforts to restore the station to operational status commenced without delay, utilising Japanese prisoners of war for tasks such as filling in foxholes and tunnels, in addition to the construction of a 1,400 yards (1,300 m) by 50 yards (46 m) pierced steel planking runway.[4]

Personnel and equipment for Mobile Naval Air Base IX had commenced assembly on 1 June 1945, at RNAS Middle Wallop (HMS Flycatcher), Hampshire, UK. This base was designated as the second Fighter Support Mobile Naval Air Base (MONAB) and its technical components were Mobile Maintenance (MM) No. 8, Mobile Servicing (MS) Nos. 15 & 16 and Mobile, Storage & Reserve (MSR) No. 10, all of which provided support for Vought Corsair Mk II & IV, Grumman Hellcat F Mk. II and Supermarine Seafire F Mk III, L Mk III & F Mk XV. MONAB IX was established as an independent command under the designation HMS Nabrock on 1 August 1945, with Captain J.S.C. Salter DSC, OBE, RN, assuming command.[3]

MV Dominion Monarch

The personnel of MONAB IX reached Liverpool from HMS Flycather and boarded the troopship MV Dominion Monarch, which then set sail for Sydney, Australia, via the Suez Canal. Upon arrival, the MONAB personnel were transferred to HMS Golden Hind, where they awaited the assignment of an operational base. During this interim period, they were temporarily accommodated in tents at Warwick Farm Racecourse. It was determined that the unit would be deployed similarly to MONAB VIII, with plans to reopen the airfield at Sembawang on the Island of Singapore. Three advance parties travelled by aircraft, while the remaining members of the unit, constituting the main body, were to journey by sea, embarking on the Australian troopship MV Largs Bay.[3]

On 1 November, the primary contingent of personnel aboard the MV Largs Bay arrived in Singapore. They initiated the process of assembling crated United States manufactured aircraft, a significant number of which were Grumman Hellcat fighter aircraft. After assembly, these aircraft were transported by road to a nearby dockyard, where they were loaded onto aircraft carriers for disposal at sea. This procedure was in accordance with the stipulations of the Lend-Lease Act policy with the United States, which facilitated the provision of these aircraft. Following the conclusion of the war, the United Kingdom was obligated to either return any remaining equipment or compensate for it. However, the United States was not inclined to reclaim the aircraft due to an existing surplus, and the UK lacked the financial resources to make payment. Consequently, the destruction of the aircraft was deemed the most viable solution.[3]

On 15 December 1945, HMS Nabrock was decommissioned at RNAS Sembawang, coinciding with the re-commissioning of the naval air station as HMS Simbang. Although the Mobile Naval Air Base (MONAB) effectively came to an end, the personnel remained the same, and efforts to construct airframes for disposal persisted.[4]

Commanding officers

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List of commanding officers of HMS Nabrock with date of appointment:

Units based at HMS Nabrock

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List of units associated with MONAB IX, in support of disembarked fighter squadrons:

Function
  • Support for disembarked fighter squadrons, an air-sea rescue squadron and a Fleet Requirements Unit
Aviation support components
  • Mobile Maintenance (MM) No. 8
  • Mobile Servicing (MS) No. 15
  • Mobile Servicing (MS) No. 16
  • Mobile, Storage & Reserve (MSR) No. 10
Aircraft type supported
  • Vought Corsair Mk II & IV
  • Fairey Firefly I
  • Grumman Hellcat F. Mk. I & II
  • Supermarine Seafire F Mk III, L Mk III & F Mk XV

HMS Simbang (1945-1947)

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The apparatus from the decommissioned MONAB IX was retained at RNAS Sembawang (HMS Simbang), serving as the foundation for an upgraded reserve MONAB. This reserve was kept in storage under 'care and maintenance', ready for reactivation if necessary. The original components were augmented with additional equipment and vehicles salvaged from other MONABs that had recently been decommissioned in Australia. This reserve unit remained in storage at RNAS Sembawang until the 1950s.[3]

On 27 December 1945, two Fleet Air Arm squadrons were deployed from HMS Smiter to conduct operations from HMS Simbang. The first, 791 Naval Air Squadron, functioned as a Fleet Requirements unit, equipped with a diverse array of aircraft including Vultee Vengeance target tug aircraft, Vought Corsair fighter aircraft and North American Harvard. This squadron remained the primary flying unit at HMS Simbang until its disbandment on 16 June 1947.[5] Additionally, Grumman Hellcat aircraft from 888 Naval Air Squadron, the RN Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, were also disembarked, tasked with performing aerial survey work in the region during peacetime.[6]

At the conclusion of January 1946, the only remaining unit at the station was the Fleet Requirements Unit. On 26 January, 791 Naval Air Squadron integrated 'C' Flight of 1700 Naval Air Squadron[7] and by 29 January personnel from 888 Naval Air Squadron left for the United Kingdom to disband upon their arrival, while their aircraft were kept at HMS Simbang.[6] After the completion of the aircraft assembly and disposal operations, the station transitioned to serve as an Aircraft Holding Unit, providing support for aircraft carriers operating in the Far East and for disembarked squadrons.[2]

From May 1946 it also managed a communications flight utilising two Beech Expeditor aircraft. The initial squadron to arrive disembarked on 26 September 1946, when 802 Naval Air Squadron, comprising Supermarine Seafire F MK XV fighter aircraft, flew ashore from the Colossus-class aircraft carrier, HMS Glory. This squadron remained until 14 November when they re-embarked on the British Light Fleet Carrier, HMS Venerable.[8]

Subsequently, on 18 November 806 Naval Air Squadron, with Supermarine Seafire F Mk XV, and 837 Naval Air Squadron, operating with Fairey Firefly FR.1 aircraft, disembarked from HMS Glory, remaining until 6 and 9 December respectively, before returning to the aircraft carrier. Both squadrons made a return on 17 May 1947, when HMS Glory docked in HMNB Singapore, and they re-embarked on 19 June as the aircraft carrier departed for the UK after being succeeded by HMS Theseus[9] The latter began disembarking her two squadrons on 7 June starting with Supermarine Seafire F Mk X equipped 804 Naval Air Squadron, followed by Fairey Firefly FR.1 aircraft from 812 Naval Air Squadron on 10 June.[10]

At this juncture, the station was facing potential closure. On 16 June, 791 Naval Air Squadron was disbanded[5] and HMS Theseus re-embarked her squadrons on 21 June. On 1 October 1947, a new CO took command of HMS Simbang with the appointment of Captain P.W. Burnett, DSO, DSC, RN, . Subsequently, the station was decommissioned and transitioned to 'care and maintenance' on 31 December 1947.[2]

RAF Sembawang (1948-1949)

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Supermarine Spitfire Mk FR.XVIIIe SM845, in No. 28 Squadron RAF markings

The station was officially transferred to the Royal Air Force (RAF) on a temporary basis on 16 January 1948. The first RAF unit to establish a presence at the station was No. 60 Squadron, which arrived on 24 with Supermarine Spitfire FR Mk 18 fighter reconnaissance variant.[11] This was followed by No. 1914 Air Observation Post Flight, which operated Auster AOP aircraft and was elevated to squadron status, reformed as No. 656 Squadron in June 1948,[12] as well as No. 28 Squadron also with Supermarine Spitfire FR Mk 18.[13] Both fighter squadrons were actively engaged in operations in the Kuala Lumpur area, with detachments from Sembawang conducting strikes against Communist insurgents beginning in July 1948. By late summer 1949, the RAF began to scale back its operations at Sembawang.[2]

No. 28 Squadron relocated to RAF Kai Tak, Hong Kong, on 11 May,[13] while 60 Squadron moved to RAF Tengah, in Singapore, at the end of August.[11] Subsequently, preparations were made for the station's return to Royal Navy (RN) control, with the RAF's presence reduced to a 'care and maintenance' status on 15 September 1949.

Royal Navy returns (1950-1957)

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At the beginning of October 1949, the initial Royal Navy squadrons arrived back at Sembawang, marked by the disembarkation of the 13th Carrier Air Group, which included Supermarine Seafire FR Mk.47 fighter reconnaissance aircraft from 800 Naval Air Squadron and Fairey Firefly FR.I fighter reconnaissance aircraft from 827 Naval Air Squadron, from the British Light Fleet Carrier, HMS Triumph, on 3 October.[14] On 26 October 1949, the aircraft repair ship and light aircraft carrier, HMS Unicorn docked in Singapore, where it disembarked an advance team to Sembawang for the purpose of setting up an Aircraft Holding Unit and conducting test flights.[15] On 1 November, the 13th Carrier Air Group returned to HMS Triumph, subsequently disembarking back to the airbase on 8 December.[14] The airbase at Sembawang was officially handed back to the Royal Navy in January 1950, and HMS Simbang was re-commissioned there.[2]

It became clear that HMS Unicorn was not appropriate for functioning as a facility to repair aircraft, leading to the decision in June 1950, to use Sembawang as an Air Repair Yard.[15] The workshops at Sembawang were expanded to accommodate an Air Repair Yard, capable of processing twenty aircraft monthly. Additionally, the Aircraft Handling Unit (AHU) was equipped with storage for eighty aircraft and facilities for test flying. The station was also capable of supporting a single Carrier Air Group.[2]

Hawker Sea Fury FB.11

In April 1950, Nos. 1902, 1907, 1911 Flights of No. 656 AOP Squadron, of the Royal Air Force, commenced operations with the Auster AOP Mk 5 aircraft.[16] On 12 September 1950, 807 Naval Air Squadron disembarked from HMS Theseus, equipped with Hawker Sea Fury FB.11 fighter aircraft. The transition to Hawker Sea Fury squadrons marked a shift away from the previously utilised Supermarine Seafire squadrons. During the same month, a shipment consisting of fifteen Hawker Sea Fury aircraft, along with an additional fifteen Fairey Firefly aircraft, arrived aboard HMS Warrior, a Colossuss-class aircraft carrier, to establish a reserve at the Aircraft Handling Unit (AHU). Subsequently, 807 Naval Air Squadron re-embarked on the 20.[17][2]

The inaugural Transport Support Squadron of the Royal Navy, 848 Naval Air Squadron, deployed its Westland Whirlwind HAS.21 anti-submarine helicopters to HMS Simbang on 8 January 1953. This unit was to assist in the ongoing efforts for the Malayan Emergency.[18] On 2 February, it was joined by No. 194 Squadron of the Royal Air Force, which was reconstituted at Sembawang from the Far East Casualty Evacuation Flight, which was disbanded that day. This squadron was equipped with nine Westland Dragonfly HC.2 helicopters, serving as a short-range transport unit.[19] Together with 848 Naval Air Squadron, they established No. 303 (Helicopter) Wing, marking the United Kingdom's first operational helicopter wing.[20] No. 303 Wing subsequently relocated to RAF Kuala Lumpur on 20 May.[18]

The subsequent arrival at RNAS Sembawang was 816 Squadron of the Royal Australian Navy, which disembarked on 2 November from HMAS Sydney. They conducted a direct exchange of their twelve Fairey Firefly AS.Mk 6 anti-submarine aircraft for AS.Mk 5 anti-submarine variant, completing the swap before re-embarking on the 5.[21]

HMS Warrior, during its expedition to the Far East, disembarked its two squadrons on 12 May 1954. 811 Naval Air Squadron, equipped with Hawker Sea Fury FB.11 aircraft, and 825 Naval Air Squadron, operating Fairey Firefly AS.Mk 5 aircraft, were both part of this deployment. 811 Naval Air Squadron returned aboard on 2 June after augmenting its fleet of aircraft, while 825 Naval Air Squadron remained stationed at RNAS Sembawang, subsequently transferring to RAF Tengah on 16 August. Also on that date, 811 Naval Air Squadron disembarked once more from HMS Warrior as the vessel was required to aid with refugee rescue operations, from Vietnam. On 23 September 811 Naval Air Squadron squadron re-embarked in HMS Warrior.[22]

Beginning in late March 1956, detachments from 848 Squadron commenced visits to the station, with four Westland Whirlwind helicopters arriving on March 26, three on May 14, and a final group of four on May 31.[18] On March 10, 1956, a detachment of four Fairey Gannet anti-submarine aircraft from 825 Naval Air Squadron flew ashore from HMS Albion for a brief period before re-embarking on March 15.[23] Subsequently, Fairey Gannet aircraft from 820 Naval Air Squadron, which had been stationed on HMS Centaur, disembarked on 4 April and departed on 20.[24] On 18 December, 848 Naval Air Squadron, the the final operational unit in the region, disbanded,[18] and RNAS Sembawang was placed on notice for transition into Care and Maintenance.

Units

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1941–42

1945–1971
Royal Air Force

Royal Navy

Sembawang Air Base

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The installation was renamed as Sembawang Air Base (SBAB) in 1971 upon its transfer to the Singapore Air Defence Command (SADC). Between 1971 and 1976, Sembawang served as a base for British, Australian, and New Zealand military forces, operating under the framework of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA).

In 1983, the airbase transitioned into a fully operational rotary-wing installation with the permanent relocation of the first resident helicopter squadron, 120 Squadron, from Changi Air Base.

In the late 1990s, the expansion of Sembawang Airbase involved the acquisition of sections of Lorong Gambas and Lorong Lada Merah for the purpose of redevelopment activities.

Organisation

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Currently, there are approximately 100 helicopters based in Sembawang Air Base, almost all are operating in support of the Singapore Army and the Republic of Singapore Navy. It is the home base to all the RSAF helicopter squadrons, consisting of Eurocopter AS332 Super Pumas, Boeing CH-47SD Chinooks, Sikorsky S-70B (derivative of Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk) naval helicopters,[57] as well as the Eurocopter Fennecs and Bell UH-1Hs, which are currently stored in reserve. Recently added to the base are the Boeing AH-64D Longbow Apache attack helicopters.

The Flying squadrons are:

The Support Squadrons are:

  • Aircraft Operations Engineering Squadron – 806 SQN
  • Aircraft Specialist Engineering Squadron – 816 SQN
  • Airbase Sustainment Squadron – 706 SQN
  • Airbase Civil Engineering Squadron – 506 SQN
  • Force Protection Squadron – 606 SQN
  • Control Squadron – 206 SQN

Currently, the RSAF's Chong Pang Camp with its associated Air Defence assets, is also located within the compound of the air base as well as the famous local Sembawang Hot Spring Park.

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See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Sembawang Air Base". metar-taf.com. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Sembawang". Royal Navy Research Archive - Fleet Air Arm Bases 1939 - present day. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e Hobbs 2007, p. 152.
  4. ^ a b "MONAB IX - HMS Nabrock". Royal Navy Research Archive - The MONAB Story - A history of the mobile airfields of the Royal Navy. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  5. ^ a b Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 93.
  6. ^ a b Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 259.
  7. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 275.
  8. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 113.
  9. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. pp124&205.
  10. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. pp118&138.
  11. ^ a b Jefford 2001, p. 47.
  12. ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 131.
  13. ^ a b Jefford 2001, p. 37.
  14. ^ a b Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. pp105&188.
  15. ^ a b "H.M.S. Unicorn". Royal Navy Research Archive - The British Pacific and East Indies Fleets. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  16. ^ Jefford 2001, p. 104.
  17. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 126.
  18. ^ a b c d Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 226.
  19. ^ Jefford 2001, p. 69.
  20. ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 302.
  21. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 153.
  22. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, pp. 136&180.
  23. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 180.
  24. ^ Ballance, Howard & Sturtivant 2016, p. 165.
  25. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 44.
  26. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 93.
  27. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 34.
  28. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 67.
  29. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 103.
  30. ^ Howard 2011, p. 11.
  31. ^ Howard 2011, p. 143.
  32. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 115.
  33. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 126.
  34. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 135.
  35. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 142.
  36. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 150.
  37. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 153.
  38. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 166.
  39. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 169.
  40. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 176.
  41. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 183.
  42. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 187.
  43. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 189.
  44. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 201.
  45. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 215.
  46. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 220.
  47. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 224.
  48. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 230.
  49. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 252.
  50. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 260.
  51. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 268.
  52. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 273.
  53. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 276.
  54. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 280.
  55. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 314.
  56. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, p. 336.
  57. ^ http://www.defencetalk.com/singapore-begins-operating-new-s-70-helicopters-24948/ 'Defence Talk : Singapore Begins Operating New S-70 Helicopters'
  58. ^ Gunner, Jerry (November 2011). "Chinook at 50 – World Wokka Operators – Republic of Singapore Air Force". Air Forces Monthly. Vol. 284. Key Publishing Ltd. p. 88. ISSN 0955-7091.

Bibliography

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  • Ballance, Theo; Howard, Lee; Sturtivant, Ray (2016). The Squadrons and Units of the Fleet Air Arm. Air Britain Historians Limited. ISBN 978-0-85130-489-2.
  • Hobbs, David (2007). Moving Bases Royal Navy Maintenance Carriers and MONABs. Liskeard, Cornwall, UK: Maritime Books. ISBN 978-1-904459-30-9.
  • Howard, L; Burrow, M; Myall, E (2011). Fleet Air Arm helicopters since 1943. UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-304-8.
  • Jefford, C G (1988). RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
  • Jefford, C G (2001). RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912 - 2nd Edition. Shrewsbury UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
  • Sturtivant, R; Ballance, T (1994). The Squadrons of The Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-223-8.
  • Sturtivant, R.; Hamlin, J. (2007). Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.
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